Dr. K. S. Thalavai Sundarram

Hyperthyroidism is a serious condition characterised by excessive production of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland, resulting in an overactive metabolism. This can lead to significant weight loss, heightened heart rate, and heightened anxiety. Without proper treatment, hyperthyroidism poses severe risks that can affect the heart, bones, and overall well-being.

Thyroid swelling, commonly known as a goiter, refers to the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland. This condition can arise from a variety of thyroid disorders, and it may present itself as a minor, harmless lump or develop into a significantly enlarged gland that causes discomfort, swallowing difficulties, or breathing issues.

Thyroid cancer arises when abnormal cells proliferate uncontrollably in the thyroid gland, resulting in a tumor. Though many forms of thyroid cancer grow slowly and are manageable, early detection is vital for achieving optimal outcomes. Understanding the different types of thyroid cancer, along with their severity and progression, can empower individuals to seek timely medical attention.

Hyperparathyroidism is a significant medical condition characterised by the parathyroid glands producing excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH). This imbalance disrupts calcium levels in the body, potentially leading to serious complications such as bone weakness, kidney stones, and various health issues. This condition can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary, each with distinct causes and implications.

Hypoparathyroidism is a rare yet significant condition characterised by the inadequate production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands. This deficiency results in low calcium levels (hypocalcemia) and elevated phosphate levels in the blood, leading to potential issues with nerve, muscle, and bone health. It may arise from various factors, including genetic predispositions, surgical interventions, or autoimmune disorders.

Parathyroid tumors are abnormal growths in the parathyroid glands, critical regulators of calcium in your body. While most are benign adenomas, some atypical cases may develop into malignant tumors. These growths can cause an overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to hypercalcemia (high calcium levels) and a cascade of health issues.

Adrenal tumors are abnormal growths that occur in the adrenal glands, crucial for producing hormones that manage metabolism, stress response, and blood pressure. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and may lead to excessive hormone production, resulting in a range of health complications.

Cushing’s Syndrome is a serious hormonal disorder stemming from prolonged exposure to elevated cortisol levels, a hormone created by the adrenal glands. This disorder can arise from the body producing too much cortisol or from extended use of corticosteroid medications. If not addressed promptly, Cushing’s Syndrome can lead to significant health complications such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and osteoporosis, underscoring the importance of awareness and proactive management.

Benign breast diseases encompass a variety of non-cancerous conditions that impact breast tissue. Common among women across all age groups, these conditions can present as lumps, discomfort, or visible changes in breast appearance. While benign in nature, they warrant medical evaluation to exclude potentially serious issues.

The pituitary gland, often referred to as the "master gland," plays a crucial role in regulating vital hormones that influence growth, metabolism, stress responses, and reproductive functions. When this gland produces too much or too little of certain hormones, it can lead to various health challenges known as pituitary hormone disorders.

Pancreas endocrine tumors, also known as pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs), are rare tumors that develop in the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas. These tumors may be functional, producing excess hormones, or non-functional, meaning they do not secrete hormones but can still grow and spread.

Carcinoid and intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are slow-growing malignancies that originate from neuroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These tumors can be functional, producing excess hormones that cause distinct symptoms, or non-functional, growing silently until they reach an advanced stage.

Familial neuroendocrine syndromes are a group of inherited disorders that increase the risk of developing neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) in multiple organs. These conditions are caused by genetic mutations that lead to abnormal hormone production and uncontrolled tumor growth. Early diagnosis is crucial for timely intervention and better disease management.